组织社会学中的新制度主义的根本假设,是合法性(legitimacy)在社会生活里具有决定性的影响,看上去"理性"的组织结构往往是社会建构(social construction )的结果。根据这一假设,组织结构经常会为取得合法性而与组织的实际运作相分离,即组织结构事实上并非由理性或者效率所决定,而是反应了被广泛接受的理解、神话(myths )或者此类组织应当具有的结构(Meyer &Rowan ,1977)。每个组织领域(organizational field)中都有相对确定的对结构的要求,而该领域中的每个组织都必须通过"同构"(isomorphism)的过程来使自己的结构符合这些要求(DiMaggio &Powell,1983),从而在其所处的组织领域里获得合法性。新制度主义的传统强调由组织领域中结构的理性化而产生的合法性对组织结构的反向塑造作用,非常类似于韦伯在《新教伦理与资本主义精神》中对资本主义"铁笼"的论述(Weber ,1992P1930),因此它经常被视为一种"新韦伯主义"(neo-Weberian)的理论。
当全球化在社会科学研究中成为一个热点领域之后,目前许多新制度主义传统下的研究都集中于制度形式的全球化传播,而关于法律移植的研究也开始集中到全球化的分析框架下。与20世纪60-70年代"法律与发展"(law and development )的语境下西方国家对法律教育和法律研究的输出不同,全球化语境下的法律移植是直接输出以"法治"(rule of law)为核心的法律制度和法律程序(Dezalay &Garth,2002),而这些制度的接收者也由殖民地国家扩展到几乎所有处于全球市场经济体系内的发展中国家,包括中国、俄罗斯这样的大国。以梅耶为代表人物的新制度主义者认为,法律制度的全球化传播在很大程度上削弱了民族-国家的独特性,使国家法律表现出向"全球化的、理性化的以及普遍性的文化原则"(Boyle &Meyer,2002:72)的会聚性(convergence )。
因为调解在国家法律与各种社会秩序之间形成了一个中间的法律与社会空间(intermediatelegal and social space),这便成为一个国家法、习惯法以及社会秩序为建立自身对调解制度的控制的冲突空间(Merry ,1992:170)。于是,在不同的社会语境下,这一中间空间将会被以不同的方式建构。清河法院的调解程序清晰地体现了这一过程——同样的调解程序在县法院民事审判庭与人民法庭里有着完全不同的运作逻辑。
Alford,William P.1999,"A Second Great Wall?China\'s Post2Cultural RevolutionProject of Legal Construction."Cultural Dynamics 11.
Berman,Jesse 1969,"The Cuban Popular Tribunals."Columbia Law Review 69.
Black ,Donald 1976,The Behavior of Law.New York:Academic Press.
Boyle ,Elizabeth H.&John W.Meyer 2002,"Modern Law as a Secularized andGlobal Model:Implications for the Sociology of Law."In Global Prescriptions :The Production,Exportation,and Importation of a New Legal Orthodoxy ,Y.Dezalay&B.Garth(eds.).Ann Arbor,MI :The University of Michigan Press.
Cai ,Dingjian 1999,"Development of the Chinese Legal System Since 1979andits Current Crisis and Transformation."Cultural Dynamics 11.
Clark ,John P.1989,"Conflict Management Outside the Courtrooms of China."In R.J .Troyer ,J .P.Clark &D.G.Rojek (eds.),Social Control in thePeople\'s Republic of China.New York:Praeger.
Clarke,Donald C.1991,"Dispute Resolution in China."Journal of ChineseLaw 5.
Cohen ,Jerome A.1966,"Mediation in the Eve of Modernization."CaliforniaLaw Review 54.
Dezalay ,Yves &Bryant Garth 1997,"Law ,Lawyers and Social Capital :\'Rules of Law\'Versus Relational Capitalism."Social &Legal Studies 6.
——(eds.)2002,Global Prescriptions :The Production ,Exportation,and Importation of a New Legal Orthodoxy .Ann Arbor,MI :The University of MichiganPress.
Diamant ,Neil J .2000,"Conflict and Conflict Resolution in China :BeyondMediation2centered Approaches."Journal of Conflict Resolution 44.
DiMaggio,Paul J .&Walter W.Powell 1983,"The Iron Cage Revisited:InstitutionalIsomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields."American SociologicalReview 48.
Galanter,Marc 1974,"Why the \'Haves\'Come Out Ahead :Speculations on theLimits of Legal Change."Law &Society Review 9.
Giddens ,Anthony 1990,The Consequences of Modernity.California:StanfordUniversity Press.
Griffiths ,John 1986,"What is Legal Pluralism?"Journal of Legal Pluralism24.
Hannan,Michael T.&John Freeman 1984,"Structural Inertia and OrganizationalChange."American Sociology Review 49.
Klein ,David E.&Robert J .Hume 2003,"Fear of Reversal as an Explanationof Lower Court Compliance."Law &Society Review 37.
Kritzer ,Herbert M.&Susan Silbey(eds.)2003,In Litigation:Do the"Haves"StillCome Out Ahead?Stanford :Stanford University Press.
Levin ,Martin A.1977,Urban Politics and the Criminal Courts .Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Li,Victor H.1977,Law Without Lawyers:A Comparative View of Law in Chinaand the United States .Stanford:Stanford Alumni Association.
Lubman,Stanley 1967,"Mao and Mediation:Politics and Dispute Resolutionin Communist China."California Law Review 55.
——1999,Bird in a Cage :Legal Reforms in China after Mao.Stanford :StanfordUniversity Press.
Macauley,Melissa 1998,Social Power and Legal Culture :Litigation Mastersin Late Imperial China.Stanford:Stanford University Press.
McAleavy,Henry 1962,"The People\'s Courts in Communist China."American Journalof Comparative Law 11.
——1990,Getting Justice and Getting Even :Legal Consciousness among Working2ClassAmericans .Chicago :The University of Chicago Press.
——1992,"Popular Justice and the Ideology of Social Transformation."Social&Legal Studies 1.
Meyer ,John W.&Brian Rowan 1977,"Institutionalized Organizations:FormalStructure as Myth and Ceremony."American Journal of Sociology 83.
Michelson ,Ethan 1998,"Tradition in the Shadow of Modern Legal Practice:Continuity and Change in the Delivery of Justice in China."Chinese Law and Government31(5).
——2003,Unhooking f rom the State:Chinese Lawyers in Transition.Ph.D.diss.Department of Sociology ,University of Chicago,Chicago,IL.
Peerenboom,Randall 2002,China \'s Long March Toward Rule of Law.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
——2003,"A Government of Laws :Democracy,Rule of Law and AdministrativeLaw Reform in the PRC."Journal of Contemporary China 12(34).
Pei ,Minxin 1997,"Citizen v.Mandarins :Administrative Litigation in China."China Quarterly 152.Robertson ,John 1974,Rough Justice:Perspectives on LowerCriminal Courts .Boston:Little Brown and Co.
Selznick,Philip 1966,TVA and the Grass Roots .New York :Harper &Row.
Silbey,Susan S.1981,"Making Sense of the Lower Courts."The Justice SystemJournal 6(1).
Stinchcombe ,Arthur L.1990,Information and Organizations .Berkeley :University of California Press.Suchman ,Mark C.&Lauren B.Edelman 1996,"LegalRational Myths:The New Institutionalism and the Law and Society Tradition."Law&Social Inquiry 21.
?1995-2005Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co.,Ltd.All rights reserved.
Wall,James A.Jr.&Michael Blum 1991,"Community Mediation in the People\'sRepublic of China."Journal of Conflict Resolution 35.
Weber ,Max 1946,From Max Weber :Essays in Sociology,(eds.)by H.H.Gerth &C.W.Mills .New York :Oxford University Press.
——1954,On Law in Economy and Society,(ed.)by M.Rheinstein.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
——1978,Economy and Society,(eds.)by G.Roth &C.Wittich.Berkeley :University of California Press.
——1992P1930,The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,T.Parsons(trans.).London :Routledge.
Weiss ,Edith B.1972,"The East German Social Courts:Development and Comparisonwith China."American Journal of Comparative Law 20.
Woo ,Margaret Y.K.1991,"Adjudication Supervision and Judicial Independencein the P.R.C."American Journal of Comparative Law 39.
——1999,"Law and Discretion in the Contemporary Chinese Courts."PacificRim Law &Policy Journal 8.
Xin ,Chunying &Fan ,Gang 2000,"The Role of Law and Legal Institutionsin China\'s Economic Development ."The Law Publisher.
Zhang ,Qianfan 2003,"The People\'s Court in Transition:The Prospects ofthe Chinese Judicial Reform."Journal of Contemporary China 12(34).