【作者简介】马志谦 北京大学科学技术与医学史系

【文章来源】《社会》2023年第6期

【内容提要】本文从社会学方法论的角度出发，考察了狄尔泰的“理解”概念对于主体间问题的处理。在狄尔泰看来，日常生活中一切可见的事物都承载并传达着某种精神性的意义，他称为“客观精神”。无论是自我还是他人，本身都不是孤立与封闭的，而是由“外部世界”这些具有共同性的精神性内容参与构成的关联体。基于此，狄尔泰认为，他人理解不仅仅是对他人动机的揣测，还是对客观精神系统的构建。它与自身理解有密切的联系：二者同样是基于“体验—表达—理解”的关联体，并借由生命表现而实现的对于体验的理解过程。在此基础上，本文尝试进一步与韦伯的理解概念进行比较，以阐明狄尔泰的路径所蕴含的可能性。

【关 键 词】体验, 理解, 生命关联体, 精神科学, 社会学方法论

【基金项目】本文得到国家社科基金青年项目（项目编号：23CSH096）资助。

【全文链接】https://www.society.shu.edu.cn/CN/Y2023/V43/I6/153

Understanding Based on Lived Experience: Dilthey's Concept of Verstehen Revisited from the Perspective of Sociological Methodology

Abstract: This paper investigates how Dilthey's concept of Verstehen deals with the problems of inter-subjectivity from the perspective of sociological methodology. For Dilthey, everything in our daily life carries and conveys a certain spiritual meaning-what he called objective spirit. Neither self nor others are isolated or enclosed in themselves, but are nexus formed in participation in these common spiritual contents in the external world. Therefore, Dilthey argued that understanding others is not just by speculating others' motives, but also constructing an objective spiritual system. It is closely related to the understanding of oneself as the two are based on the lived experience-expression-understanding nexus, meaning understanding the lived experience through its expression in the world. On this basis, this paper further discusses the difference between Dilthey and Weber. In the face of the conflict between life and science, Weber followed the path of Rickert's Kuturwissenschaften, keeping a distance from the reality of life in order to maintain the objective validity of science. Thus, Weber's concept of Verstehen adopts an ideal-type approach with rational rules as the core. Dilthey also believed that the grasp of life experience was fraught with difficulties, however, it does not mean there should be an absolute distinction between scientific concepts and reality of life. For him, Geisteswissenschaften need to be rebuilt based on life. Dilthey attempted to apply the concept of lived experience with originality and completeness to break down the binary opposition between self and others, internal and external, and to restore the connection between the understanding of oneself and others, of individuals and greater spiritual nexus.

Key words: lived experience, Verstehen, life-nexus, human sciences, sociological methodology