【作者简介】刘 洋，江苏大学马克思主义与社会发展研究院

【文章来源】《社会学评论》2025年第3期

【内容提要】韦伯基于禁欲这一宗教理念对“人的发展”问题进行了充分的论述。他将禁欲视为现代西方人格形成的关键要素，并阐明了这种人格对于现代秩序构建的重要意义，突破了那个时代神学家和哲学家对禁欲的一般看法。出于对禁欲这一概念的偏爱，他将其带入比较文明研究中，揭示了不同文明秩序下人格类型的差异，认为正是这种差异塑造了不同的生存秩序。以此，韦伯发展出“理念-人格-秩序”的多元因果文明分析路径，这构成了他关于“人的科学”。对于韦伯来说，由人创造的秩序反过来控制人所造成的困境，只能依靠人格来突破，理性禁欲的人格完成了最初的使命，此后，人格将在生存秩序的价值观斗争中重获新生。

【关键词】禁欲 / 人格 / 人的发展 / 生活方式

【全文链接】http://src.ruc.edu.cn/CN/Y2025/V13/I3/207

Ascetic Personality and Organization of Life: Weber’s“Science of Man”

Abstract: This article argues that Weber has fully discussed the issue of“human development”based on the religious concept of“asceticism”. He regarded asceticism as the key element of the formation of modern western personality, and clarified the significance of this personality for the construction of modern order,thus breaking through the general view of theologians and philosophers on asceticism at that time. Weber’s preference for asceticism led him to bring it into the study of comparative civilization, and then revealed the differences in personality types in different civilized orders, which also shaped different living orders. Based on this, Weber put forward the multi-causal civilization analysis path of“idea-personalityorder”, which constituted his“human science”. For Weber, the dilemma caused by the order created by man in turn controlling man can only be broken through by personality. The rational ascetic personality has completed its initial mission. After that, personality will be reborn in the struggle for the values of survival order.