【作者简介】孙畅，清华大学

【文章来源】《社会学评论》2026年第3期

【内容提要】关于人类生态学是否缺失社会与文化维度，学界至今仍存争议。本文从社区与社会之辨入手，对帕克晚年提出的“人类关系金字塔”图示加以解读，认为帕克社会学思想的核心关切在于如何在社区的生态基础之上孕育出社会的上层建筑。社区向社会的演进，本质上是人类关系从共生走向共识的继替过程，其展开于两个层面：其一，人类依次建立起地域、经济、政治与文化等多重秩序；其二，移民在竞争、冲突、适应与同化中完成社会化。前者对应人类生态学对社会物质基础的形态学考察，以社区调查为进路；后者则体现为体察社会民情、观照边缘人特质的生命史研究，并延伸至对都市社会中切身交往之匮乏的病原学反思。二者相辅相成，共同构成帕克对人类社会如何实现“心物合一”的深层思考。

【关键词】人类生态学 / 社区 / 社会 / 人类关系 / 边缘人

【全文链接】https://src.ruc.edu.cn/CN/Y2026/V14/I3/93

From Community to Society:A Reinterpretation of Park’s Human Ecology

Abstract:  Whether human ecology adequately addresses the social and cultural dimensions of human life remains a contested question in sociology. Drawing on the distinction between community and society,this paper offers a close reading of the “pyramid of human relations” — a schema Park articulated in his later years — and argues that the central concern of his sociological thought lies in how the superstructure of society can be cultivated upon the biotic substructure of community. The movement from community to society is,in essence,a progression of human relations from symbiosis to consensus,and it unfolds along two intertwined lines. On the one hand,human beings successively establish territorial,economic,political,and cultural orders; on the other,immigrants undergo a process of socialization marked by competition,conflict,accommodation,and assimilation. The former corresponds to the morphological inquiry of human ecology into the material foundations of society,proceeding through community-based investigation; the latter is embodied in a life-history approach that attends to public sentiment and the distinctive traits of the marginal man,extending into an etiological reflection on the dearth of personal communication in urban society. The two lines of inquiry are mutually constitutive,together articulating Park’s deeper meditation on how the “psychophysical integration” of human society becomes possible.