【作者简介】杨云鬯，北京大学艺术学院博雅博士后，主要研究方向为艺术人类学、媒介人类学、视觉人类学和现当代中国视觉文化。

【文章来源】《社会学评论》第5期

【内容提要】长期以来，人类学家基于自身田野调查实践，以参与式观察视角研究影像民族志。这一视角依赖于人类学家自身的拍摄者身份，而对这种拍摄者身份、对拍摄过程中看与被看的权力关系、对拍摄内容的选择和编辑的梳理与反思则构成了影视人类学的主要内容。在这样的学科实践下，拍摄者相对于影像及其观众而言，始终是更加具有能动性的主体，对影像民族志自身的主体性有着决定性作用。然而，此种视角下的研究也容易压缩乃至忽视影像民族志的图像主体性。要认识作为“图像主体”的影像民族志，人类学家就需要跳脱出图像生产者的惯常视角，进入图像内部来探索它们如何实现自身的传播与消费。这需要一种更加关注图像本身如何被接受、观看、谈论的“图像—人类学”方法论框架。该框架包含了图像接受与消费的“观者视角”与在此视角基础上形成的“批评之维”，它们共同标志着影像民族志研究的重心从拍者视角到观者视角的转变。

【关键词】图像—人类学；图像能动性；观者视角；影像批评

【全文链接】http://src.ruc.edu.cn/CN/Y2023/V11/I5/44

“Image-Anthropology”: The Viewer’s Perspective and the Dimension of Criticism in Visual Ethnography

YANG Yun-chang

Abstract：For a long time, based on fieldwork practices, anthropologists’research on visual ethnography mainly involves a participatory perspective and depends on their role as photographers or filmmakers. This proactive role, the power relationship between seeing and being seen during shooting, and the organization and reflection on the content selection and edition, constitute visual anthropology as an academic discipline. Under such disciplinary norms, anthropologists are always more powerful and decisive than audiences in shaping and confirming what a visual ethnography is. However, research overshadowed by such a perspective would easily neglect the subjectivity of images in visual ethnographic works. In this light, to understand visual ethnography as a sort of imagesubject, anthropologists need to jump out of the existing perspective of producing and delve into images to explore how they can attain self- realizations in terms of dissemination and consumption. An“image-anthropology”methodological framework that pays more attention to how images are accepted, viewed, and talked about is needed here. It includes a“viewer’s perspective”of image reception and consumption and a“dimension of criticism”formed on the basis of this new perspective. Together, they mark the shift of focus in visual ethnography from image-makers to image-viewers.

Keywords: image-anthropology, image’s agency, viewer’s perspective, visualcriticism