比如,涂尔干将社会结构视为一种客观的实在,认为它超越于个人之上,并影响和制约着每个人的行为。涂尔干有一句名言:"社会先于个人"(society is prior to individual)(转引自叶启政,1992:18)。在这一点上,他与马克思的观点是一致的,马克思也认为,社会结构是一种不依人们意志为转移的客观实在。本文的立场是属于后一派的。本文认为",结构紧张"或"社会结构紧张"是一种超于个人之上的社会实在,它的产生是因为社会阶级结构出现严重的不协调,它一旦产生以后,则制约着全体社会成员的行为。所以,结构紧张是造成众多社会问题、社会矛盾的基础原因。
Blishen ,B.R.1958,"The Construction and Use of an Occupational Class Scale."Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 24.
Bian,Yanjie 1994,Work and Inequality in Urban China,Albany:State Universityof New York Press.Duncan ,O.D.1961,"A Socio economic Index for all Occupations."and"Properties and Characteristics of the Socioeconomic Index."in A.J .Reiss(ed.),Occupations and Social Status ,Glencoe ,IL:Free Press.
Ganzeboom ,Harry B.G.,Paul M.De Graaf &D.J .Treiman 1992,"A StandardInternational Socio economic Index of Occupational Status."Social Science Research21.
Merton,Robert K.1938,"Social Structure and Anomie."American SociologicalReview 3.
Smelser ,Neil J .1962,Theory of Collective Behavior.New York :Free Press.
Treiman ,D.J .1977,Occupational Prestige in Comparative Perspective.NewYork:Academic Press.