【作者简介】孙静含，李 升，朱 赫，北京工业大学

【文章来源】《社会学评论》2024年第4期

【内容提要】经典的参照群体理论等虽在一定程度上能够解释主观阶层认同的形成机制，但并未建立一个对形成机制进行整体性解释的理论框架。混合参照理论结合参照群体、支配关系等理论，建构了一个包含结构与关系在内的理论模型。该理论由五个参照操作组成：相对剥夺感、相对获得感、支配获得感、支配剥夺感和熟人效应，个体通过对这五种参照操作的不断实践及与他人进行的参照，形成了自己的主观阶层认同。基于中国综合社会调查 CGSS2011—2021 七次调查数据的实证分析，本研究证实了混合参照理论的五种参照操作对测量个体主客观阶层偏差的“阶层认知差”所具有的解释力，发现了不同性别、不同支配地位的个体在参照操作上的差异，证明了混合参照理论解释主观阶层认同形成机制的效力。混合参照理论扩展了已有参照理论的适用对象和参照对象，提供了一个更为完整的参照模型和过程性解释。

【关键词】混合参照理论 / 主观阶层 / 客观阶层

【全文链接】http://src.ruc.edu.cn/CN/Y2024/V12/I4/170

The Formation Process of Class Identity：Explanations of Mixed Reference Theory

Abstract: While classical theories of“reference groups”can, to some extent,explain the factors shaping class identity, they fail to establish an overarching theoretical framework that elucidates the formation mechanism in its entirety. The “mixed reference theory”, integrating concepts from “reference groups”and “dominance relations”, constructs a theoretical model encompassing both structural and relational aspects. This theory is comprised of five reference operations: relative deprivation, relative gratification, dominance gratification, dominance deprivation, and familiarity effects. Individuals continuously engage in these five referencing operations and compare themselves with others, thereby shaping their class identity. Empirical analysis based on seven times of data from the China General Social Survey (CGSS) 2011-2021 confirms the explanatory power of the five reference operations of the“mixed reference theory”in measuring the“class perception gap”, which gauges discrepancies between objective and subjective class positions. The study also uncovers variations in reference operations among individuals with different genders and dominance statuses, thereby validating the efficacy of the“mixed reference theory”in explaining the formation mechanisms of class identity. By broadening the scope of applicable and referenced subjects, this theory furnishes a more comprehensive reference model and processual explanation, enriching our understanding of how class identity is constructed within complex societal structures.