【作者简介】周晓虹，南京大学社会学院。

【文章来源】《社会》2023年第4期。

【内容提要】在社会心理学的历史上，他人或群体对个体的影响会使其行为发生怎样的改变，一直是一个引人关注又成果丰硕的领域。纳粹德国在第二次世界大战中对犹太人的疯狂屠戮，以及执行者在屠戮过程中通过“恪尽职守”表现出的机械、冷酷与无情，在引发阿伦特有关“平庸之恶”讨论的同时，也在社会心理学领域酿就了以米尔格拉姆的“服从行为”研究为主导的实验。这一实验在学理上可以追溯到勒温、谢里夫和阿希在该领域中的一系列先行研究，而在现实中则源自犹太世界长期以来尤其是在第二次世界大战中遭受的肉体和心灵的双重创伤。正是犹太人长期以来遭受的苦难，使得从众和服从的话题成为犹太裔社会心理学家挥之不去的梦魇及绵长的另类叙事。

【关 键 词】犹太创伤；艾希曼；平庸之恶；社会心理学；从众与服从

【全文链接】https://www.society.shu.edu.cn/CN/Y2023/V43/I4/72

Eichmann, The Banality of Evil and Obedience Research: JewishTrauma and Alternative Narrative of Social Psychology

ZHOU Xiaohong

Abstract:In the history of social psychology, the influence of others or groups onindividual behavior has always been an interesting and fruitful field. At the verybeginning，Lewin attempted to use the concept of“group dynamics”to explore theinteraction of various potential dynamics in groups，the influence of groups onindividual behavior，and the psychological relationship among group members.Later，Sherif and Asch each applied experimental methods to confirm the extent towhich individual judgment was influenced by other people’s or group norms.Further，Nazi Germany’s frenzied massacre of Jews in World War II，as well asthe mechanical，cold and ruthless performance of executioners like Eichmann for“fulfilling their duties”not only triggered Arendt’s discussion about “the banalityof evil”but also led to the obedience behavior experiments in the field of socialpsychology by Milgram. If Arendt profoundly revealed the darkness of human naturehidden behind the daily routines，then Milgram proved that people under pressureindeed had a tendency to blindly follow. In fact，both Arendt’s insights andMilgram’s experiments are directly derived from the long term physical andspiritual trauma that the Jews suffered in World War II. It is the long time sufferingof Jewish people that makes the issue of conformity and obedience a hauntingnightmare for Jewish scholars，and also a lasting alternative narrative in the field ofsocial psychology. If one considers that all kinds of network chaos caused by thedevelopment of communication in contemporary society，especially the fact that“cyber violence”may bring about “the banality of evil”once again， thisdiscussion certainly holds very significant value.

Key words：Jewish trauma，Eichmann，the banality of evil，social psychology，conformity and obedience