【作者简介】杨一纯，北京大学光华管理学院社会研究中心；於嘉，北京大学光华管理学院社会研究中心；谢宇，北京大学光华管理学院社会研究中心,普林斯顿大学社会学系。

【文章来源】《社会》2023年第5期。

【内容提要】女性初次生育后就业状态的转变是劳动力市场性别不平等的重要机制。以往研究大多将就业视为静态单一性事件，缺乏基于生命历程的长期动态视角。本文使用2014年中国健康与养老追踪调查（CHARLS）的生命史数据，采用序列分析技术，刻画出中国出生于1940—1978年的非农职业女性在初育前后共计21年的六类典型就业轨迹，女性的就业时期涵盖了建国初期、市场转型初期和转型成熟期三个重要的劳动力市场转型节点。结合社会变迁，本文进一步探讨了女性就业轨迹的世代转变和影响女性就业因素的变迁。结果显示，随着世代变迁，中国女性就业轨迹的复杂性和多样性明显增加，人力资本、制度庇护与照料责任的保护作用则显著削弱。本研究有助于加深学界对市场改革和劳动力市场性别不平等的认知。

【关 键 词】女性劳动参与；生育；生命历程；社会变迁；序列分析

【全文链接】https://www.society.shu.edu.cn/CN/Y2023/V43/I5/167

Long-Term Employment Trajectories of Chinese Women after Their First Childbirth: A Sequence Analysis

YANG Yichun & YU Jia & XIE Yu

Abstract: Women's post-maternal employment status is an important factor contributing to gender inequality in labor market. Previous research mainly considered employment as a static and single event, lacking a dynamic life course perspective. Using the 2014 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) data, this study applies sequence analysis for the first time to depict a period of twenty-one years of non-agricultural working women's employment trajectories before and after their first childbirth. We divide the sample born between 1940s to 1970s into different birth cohorts to cover three stages of labor market transformations in China: the early days of the PRC, the early stage of market reform and the mature stage of market reform. Results show six typical trajectories of women's post-maternal employment in China. They are: long-term regular employment (55.06%), early return to employment (8.69%), late return to employment (3.98%), self-employment or from employment to self-employment (19.78%), long-term unemployed (8.07%), and long-term informal employment (4.42%). Different employment trajectories reflect clearly the heterogeneity of female group characteristics. Our results also show that with the social changes, the complexity and diversity of Chinese women's employment trajectories have increased significantly, showing that more women frequently switch between multiple employment status. It can be seen from the trajectories of different cohorts that the proportion of women who are able to maintain full-time employment has significantly decreased, while the proportion of self-employed, part-time and non-employment trajectories have increased noticeably. In addition, human capital, institutional patronage, and shared childcare responsibility have significant positive effect on women's full-time employment. Nevertheless, with China's marketization, the protection provided by these factors have substantially weakened over cohorts.

Key words: maternal employment； childbearing； life course； sequence analysis； social changes