【作者简介】胡箫白 南京大学历史学院

【文章来源】《社会》2024年第1期

【内容提要】聚焦明代川西北地区以族类标签为标识的社会分类，是考察王朝拓边进程的关键视角。15世纪时，明廷秉持羁縻导向的边关方略，对流行于川西北非汉社会的“大小”“牛羊”等二元族类标签之内涵缺乏了解。15世纪后期到16世纪前期，明廷尝试重新诠释川西北非汉社会语境中的“黑—白”族类标签，但因国家力量渗透边地的程度有限，“黑—白”标签的本地意涵与明廷定义在一定时期内共存。16世纪中后期，明廷的边地知识与地方社会实态之间存在明显张力，在王朝国家发动军事行动整饬边地秩序后，“番—羌”族类标签逐步成为向化程度深浅的代名词。明代川西北诸种族类标签的内涵演化是“中心—外缘”互动在社会分类层面微观而鲜活的呈现。

【关 键 词】明代中后期, 川西北, 族类标签, 国家治理

【基金项目】本文受国家社会科学基金青年项目“明至清前期藏彝走廊的军防体系与边地整合研究”（23CZS034）的资助。

【全文链接】https://www.society.shu.edu.cn/CN/Y2024/V44/I1/126

Community Labels and Imperial Expansion: Social Categorization and Imperial Administration in Northwest Sichuan During the Mid-late Ming Period

Abstract: The non-Han population in northwest Sichuan during the Ming dynasty relied on community labels as a means of differentiation. Examining the origin and connotation of these labels provides an important perspective for understanding the mid-to-late Ming frontier policies and social structure of peripheral regions. In the 15th century, binary communal labels such as “Big/Small Surname，” “Cattle/Goat Tail，” and “Buddhist/Daoist” were widespread， highlighting the tense community relations in local society. Due to its inclination of implementing indirect rule over borderland society， the Ming court did not interfere excessively in local affairs in northwest Sichuan. From the late 15th century to the early 16th century， the Ming court utilized the long-standing local concept of “black-white” labels for frontier governance and sought to reinterpret the cultural connotation of the labels from “kind/evil” to “loyal/disloyal to the Ming”. However， due to limited penetration of the state power at the time， the local and the state connotations of these labels were able to coexist for an extended period in the frontier regions. In the mid-to-late 16th century， the Ming court's borderland knowledge failed to accurately reflect the social reality. Nevertheless， through extensive military operations and subsequent infiltration of imperial power into northwest Sichuan non-Han communities， the Ming successfully reshaped power dynamics within the local society. Consequently， the meanings of “Fan and Qiang” underwent a transformation from quasi-ethnic labels to indicators of degree of assimilation towards the imperial Han. The formation and evolution of cultural connotations of northwest Sichuan community labels during the Ming dynasty can be attributed to an interface between two knowledge systems， highlighting a distinctive form of center-periphery interaction that centers around social categorization. Examining community labels in northwest Sichuan， this article argues， can deepen our understanding of power negotiations and identity politics within non-Han frontier societies during the Ming dynasty.

Key words: Mid-late Ming, Northwest Sichuan, community labels, imperial administration