【作者简介】刘芳，中国社会科学院社会学所博士后、助理研究员，主要研究方向为福利社会学、社会保障制度。

【文章来源】《社会学评论》第6期

【内容提要】本文尝试呈现卢曼的福利国家论述。工业化中的补偿逻辑与政治系统的纳入原则共同推动了福利国家兴起。在现代功能分化的社会中，福利国家是政治系统的绩效，也是政治加诸国家之上的过量负担。政治系统内部分化和权力循环是福利国家扩张的结构性成因，以人类基本权利和道德为指向的进步观念，与周期性选举带来的执政党更迭是福利国家增长的直接动力。卢曼揭示了福利国家危机的根源在于社会功能性分化与政治系统去分化之间的张力，并将政治系统的自我限制作为解决方案。卢曼福利国家分析具有很强的普遍性，但是对于微观现实的解释力和批判性稍弱。同时，卢曼的论述带有深刻的西方文明印记，对于发展中国家社会保障制度发展缺乏关注，其历史普遍适用性也有待于进一步检验。

【关键词】社会系统理论，福利国家，民主政治，纳入原则

【全文链接】http://src.ruc.edu.cn/CN/Y2023/V11/I6/231

The Systematic Logic of Welfare State Development：Welfare State and Its Crisis in Luhmann’s Social System Theory

LIU Fang

Abstract：This article attempts to articulate Luhmann’s analysis of the welfare state. The“compensationlogic”in industrialization and the“inclusion principle” in the political system have jointly promoted the rise of the welfare state. In modern functionally differentiated societies, the welfare state is the performance of the political system and has become an excessive political burden that politics places on the state. The division within the political system and the dual cycle of political power are the structural causes of the expansion of the welfare state.The progressive concepts in the political system oriented towards basic human rights and morality, and the changing position of the ruling party are the direct impetus for the expansion of the welfare state. Luhmann profoundly reveals that the crisis of the welfare state lies in the tension between the functional differentiation of society and the de- differentiation of the political system, and regards the self-limitation of the political system as a possible solution. Luhmann’s welfare state analysis possesses strong universality, but its explanatory power andcriticality towards micro-reality are relatively weakened. Meanwhile,Luhmann’s discussion bears a profound imprint of Western civilization and lacks attention to the development of social security systems in developing countries. Its historically universal applicability also requires further testing.

Keywords:social system theory, welfare state, democratic politics, the principle of inclusion