【作者简介】沈垚，清华大学公共管理学院博士后，主要研究方向为社会学理论、政治理论；王庆新，清华大学公共管理学院教授，主要研究方向为国际关系、东亚政治和政治哲学。

【文章来源】《社会学评论》第6期

【内容提要】本文关注韦伯与史华慈对中国古代思想解读的关键差异，以及两人在强调中西文明伦理自觉性上的相通性。韦伯的《中国的宗教》在方法论和基本概念的使用上有重要的奠基意义，史华慈关于中国古代思想的研究在很大程度上与韦伯的思想遗产进行了积极对话。韦伯的“文明比较”与史华慈承自雅思贝尔斯的“轴心时代”，代表着看待中国古代文明的两种立场。本文从“‘天-命’与超越性秩序”“‘礼-仁’与人格秩序”“‘学’与社会和政治秩序”三个方面论述了二者的异同。史氏肯定中国古代思想中的超越性以及实然秩序和应然秩序之间的分歧，同时也追随韦伯，认为文明现代性的基础需要从自身的伦理资源中去发现。这意味着中国儒家思想同样包含着韦伯所认为的独属于西方宗教的伦理自觉性，以及此种伦理与世俗的紧张关系。

【关键词】文明比较；轴心时代；超越性；秩序；人格

【全文链接】http://src.ruc.edu.cn/CN/Y2023/V11/I6/27

Schwartz and Weber’s Different Interpretations of Ancient Chinese Thought

SHEN Yao，WANG Qing-xin

Abstract：This paper delves into the contrasting perspectives of Weber and Schwartz regarding ancient Chinese philosophy. It also highlights the convergence of their views on the ethical consciousness within both Western and Eastern civilizations. Weber’s groundbreaking exploration of Confucianism and Taoism significantly impacted methodology and fundamental concepts, while Schwartz’s work engages in a dynamic discourse with Weber’s intellectual legacy. Furthermore, the paper posits that Weber’s“comparison of civilizations” and Schwartz’s“axialage”concept by Jaspers represent distinct stances on ancient Chinese civilization. It selectively extracts insights from the writings of both scholars, including “‘Heavenly（Tian）-Destiny（Ming）’and Transcendental Order”,“Ritual and the Order of Personality”,“Learning and Social and Political Order”, to scrutinize the parallels and disparities in Weber and Schwartz's interpretations of Chinese thought. It underscores Schwartz’s alignment with Weber in asserting that the bedrock of civilizational modernity lies in its intrinsic ethical resources. Consequently, this implies that Chinese Confucianism encompasses the same ethical self-awareness that Weber attributed to Western religions, introducing the tension between such ethics and the secular world.

Keywords:civilization comparison, axial age, transcendence, order, personality