【作者简介】黄剑波，华东师范大学社会发展学院；梅汝阳，北京大学社会学系。

【文章来源】《社会》2023年第4期。

【内容提要】舆论支配既是卢梭阐释社会状态的关键，也是涂尔干分析社会事实的重要参照物。借助舆论议题，涂尔干在改造自身解释系统的同时再造了卢梭的社会学说。卢梭认为，舆论是社会堕落的根源，需经由立法者的引导才能变成政治创制的基石。在早期的社会形态学路径中，涂尔干从比较法的视角考察了舆论、法律与社会类型的关系，在否定卢梭人性基点的同时强调了社会对人性的提升作用。为摆脱“决定论”色彩，涂尔干在与塔尔德的论战中为舆论机制纳入个体同意的条件，使社会成为符合个体本性的自然约束。在集体表象视角下，涂尔干彻底倒置了卢梭对自然和社会所作的等级序列，将社会从“压制本性”的人性枷锁修正为“提升本性”的文明基石。

【关 键 词】舆论；社会；涂尔干；卢梭

【全文链接】https://www.society.shu.edu.cn/CN/Y2023/V43/I4/97  

Public Opinion Domination and Triple Social Vision：Durkheim’sReconstruction of Rousseau’s Social Theory

HUANG Jianbo & MEI Ruyang

Abstract:Public opinion is not only the key to Rousseau’s interpretation of socialconditions, but also an important reference in Durkheim’s analysis of social facts.By focusing on Durkheim’s discussion of public opinion domination，we are able topresent his triple vision of social facts and reveal how Rousseau’s social theory isreconstructed through a process of interpretative system revision. In Rousseau’sview, the domination of public opinion is the root of social degradation, and it needsthe guidance of legislators to become the keystone of political building. In the earlypath of social morphology， Durkheim analyzed the internal relationship anddifferences between public opinion and law， and examined the causal andfunctional relationship between“comparative law”and social types. While objectingto Rousseau’s fundamental point of human nature and negative social landscape，he emphasized the role of society in enhancing human nature. To rid of thematerialistic social determinism，Durkheim included individual consent conditionsfor the public opinion mechanism in the debate with Tarde，making society a“natural constraint” in line with individual nature. From the perspective ofcollective representation，Durkheim’s social vison was completely free from thenegative elements in Rousseau’s view and it was transformed into a mechanism formaintaining and reconstructing“moral ideals”. At the same time，the fundamentalpoint of human nature was also shifted from Rousseau’s natural nature to theduality of individuality and sociality. In so doing， while perfecting his ownexplanatory system，Durkheim had inverted Rousseau's hierarchical sequence ofnature and society，and remade social facts from the shackles of human nature that“suppressed nature”to the cornerstone of civilization that“enhanced nature”.

Key words：public opinion，social，Durkheim，Rousseau