众多的材料虽然给研究具体社会现实带来各种视角,但同时也给定性研究的分析带来很大的困难。一种常见的研究态度即"拼装匠"①[原译作"修补者",但在英译版本中,"bricoeur"被译作"Jack of all trades or a kind of professionaldo2it2yourself person"(参阅Denzin,2000),因此,译作"拼装匠"似更符合原意。]风格的研究(列维-斯特劳斯,1987:22-23),包括方法拼装匠、理论拼装匠、阐释拼装匠和政治拼装匠。方法拼装匠在一个研究项目中动用所有现存可用的方法;理论拼装匠在不同的释义理论传统(例如,女权主义、批判理论等等)中不断转换视角,而非综合和融合不同理论流派;阐释拼装匠认为研究过程是研究者的个人成长史、性别、社会阶级、种族、民族以及研究地点中的人物相互作用的结果;政治拼装匠认为科学就是权力,所有研究发现均具有政治含义(Denzin,2000)。
6.定性研究和定量研究的结合更加���密:在定量分析方法的教材中,定性研究常常被看作是定量研究的前期准备工作,但定性研究者却持完全相反的观点,他们一般认为定性方法是自成一体的,可以完成从形成概念到检验假设的全部研究过程(Strauss ,1998)。但在实际的应用研究中,定性方法和定量方法常常是交织在一起的,例如,柯莱尔等人(Currall et al .,1999)在研究组织环境重要的群体过程时,通过内容分析把5年的参与观察资料量化,然后用统计分析来检验理论假定。格雷和登斯滕(Gray Densten ,1998)在研究企业的控制能力时,利用潜变量(latent variable )模型把定性方法和定量方法有机结合在一起。雅各布斯等人(Jacobs et al .,1999)在研究比利时的家庭形态对配偶的家庭劳动分工影响时,首先用定量方法对纵向调查数据进行分析,从定量分析的结果中,又延伸出对核心概念的定性研究。这三个研究分别代表了定量和定性方法相互融合的三个方向。
大多数定性分析软件的方法论框架是扎根理论(Glaser,1967;MacMillanKoenig,2004)。扎根理论是一个不断迭代的研究过程,其中,研究者在资料采集和分析、编写便签、编码和理论建模之间不断穿梭。但即使是在扎根理论的两个奠基人(格拉泽和斯特劳斯)之间,如何进行"扎根"研究的主张也不尽相同(Bringer et al .,2006)。格拉泽更强调扎根理论研究过程中的"突生"属性,新概念和新思想从经验资料中慢慢地浮现出来,其最终的结果不一定是一种理论(Glaser,1992);而斯特劳斯则强调扎根理论中分析结果的理论取向和分析过程的形式属性(Strauss ,1990,1998),前者被格拉泽看作是"强迫"而不是"突生",后者则被批评为是为研究者开"包医百病"的灵丹妙药。
一种观点认为,计算机辅助的定性分析软件通过使用实证主义的修辞,通过使定性研究过程显得更严格、更客观来建立自己在定性研究领域中的正统性,从而把定性研究过程引入实证主义的泥沼,排斥其他可能的分析策略,如话语分析、个案研究和叙事分析,仿佛编码和检索是定性分析的惟一途径(Coffey et al .,1996;Dohan Sanchez2Jankowski,1998)。更重要的是,在定性研究的合法性和表达性危机之中,计算机辅助的定性分析软件把自己置身于争论之外。后结构主义、文化理论和女性主义把定性分析辅助软件的这一立场看作是为"传统"的定性研究护法而加以抵制(Denzin,2000;Ezzy ,2002)。
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